jueves, 27 de enero de 2011

IDEA PRINCIPAL E IDEA SECUNDARIA


La idea principal de un texto es aquella que expresa en su esencia lo que el autor quiere transmitir. Constituye la causa principal del desarrollo de las ideas subsiguientes y su eliminación provocaría que el resto del texto no tuviera sentido.
Una idea puede ser principal porque resume lo dicho o porque lo provoca. Por lo tanto, contiene el mensaje global del texto, su contenido más importante y esencial, aquel de que emanan todos los demás. La idea principal puede estar de manera explícita, cuando aparece totalmente clara en una oración, y no hay que deducirla. Por el contrario, la oración principal implícita hay que deducirla porque no está escrita en una oración, sino que hay que sacarla a través de la información expresada en el contenido. La idea principal puede estar en cualquier posición del texto. No necesariamente es la primera oración de un párrafo. Así que, debes leer detenidamente el material y poner en práctica las estrategias que en esta lección aparecen para que las puedas detectar.
Las ideas secundarias, por su parte, son aquellas que vienen a complementar la idea principal, con el propósito de apoyar los mensajes claves, explicarlos y reforzando el sentido primordial.

Resumen


Hacer un resumen, es el proceso de volver a contar las partes importantes de un escrito de una manera más reducida y sin obviar los aspectos más importantes.
Características de un buen resumen:

a. Contiene las ideas principales con los soportes de lo que se ha leído.
b. No incluye detalles sin importancia o información que se repite.
c. No incluye ideas u opiniones personales.
d. Es mucho mas corto que el texto original.

Antes de realizar un resumen de algún texto, primero practiquemos como comprimir información. Cuando tenemos información con un contenido que se puede agrupar, esto ayuda a reducir considerablemente un texto. Por ejemplo, si hay una extensión de información dentro de un texto que dice lo siguiente: “shampoo, jabón de tocador, enjuague para el cabello, toalla, pasta dental, cepillo dental, enjuague bucal, hilo dental, papel sanitario, etc.” Simplemente escribimos: artículos de baño. De esta manera se refleja una idea sin escribir muchos detalles. En el ejercicio que se presenta a continuación, agrupa en una sola expresión el grupo de palabras que tienen detalles en común.

Un párrafo debe ser tan corto como sea posible. Y debe ser una oración completa. El resumen debe expresar el punto principal en pocas palabras.

Si el párrafo tiene el tópico, ¿manifiesta la idea principal? Si es así, puedes usarla para tu resumen. Sólo tienes que resumir el tópico usando palabras resumen y quitando palabras descriptivas.

Si el tópico no es una buena oración de la idea principal, escribe una oración que refleje la idea principal, que no contenga palabras descriptivas y utilizando palabras resumen.

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE



ASIMO uses sensors and intelligent algorithms to avoid obstacles and navigate stairs.

(AI) is the intelligence of machines and the branch of computer science that aims to create it. AI textbooks define the field as "the study and design of intelligent agents"where an intelligent agent is a system that perceives its environment and takes actions that maximize its chances of success. John McCarthy, who coined the term in 1956, defines it as "the science and engineering of making intelligent machines."

The field was founded on the claim that a central property of humans, intelligence—the sapience of Homo sapiens—can be so precisely described that it can be simulated by a machine.This raises philosophical issues about the nature of the mind and the limits of scientific inquiry, issues which have been addressed by myth, fiction and philosophy since antiquity. Artificial intelligence has been the subject of optimism,but has also suffered setbacks and, today, has become an essential part of the technology industry, providing the heavy lifting for many of the most difficult problems in computer science.

AI research is highly technical and specialized, deeply divided into subfields that often fail to communicate with each other. Subfields have grown up around particular institutions, the work of individual researchers, the solution of specific problems, longstanding differences of opinion about how AI should be done and the application of widely differing tools. The central problems of AI include such traits as reasoning, knowledge, planning, learning, communication, perception and the ability to move and manipulate objects. General intelligence (or "strong AI") is still among the field's long term goals.

Smart phone

     A smart phone is a mobile phone that offers more advanced computing ability and connectivity than a contemporary basic feature phone. Smart phones and feature phones may be thought of as handheld computers integrated within a mobile telephone, but while most feature phones are able to run applications based on platforms such as Java ME, a smart phone allows the user to install and run more advanced applications based on a specific platform. Smart phones run complete operating system software providing a platform for application developers.
Growth in demand for advanced mobile devices boasting powerful processors, abundant memory, larger screens, and open operating systems has outpaced the rest of the mobile phone market for several years. According to a study by COM Score, over 45.5 million people in the United States owned smart phones in 2010 and it is the fastest growing segment of the mobile phone market, which comprised 234 million subscribers in the United States.

Rise of Symbian, Windows Mobile, and Blackberry

     In 2000 Ericsson released the touch screen smart phone R380, the first device to use the new Symbian OS. It was followed up by P800 in 2002, the first camera smart phone.

     In 2001 Microsoft announced its Windows CE Pocket PC OS would be offered as "Microsoft Windows Powered Smart phone 2002. Microsoft originally defined its Windows Smart phone products as lacking a touch screen and offering a lower screen resolution compared to its sibling Pocket PC devices.

     In early 2002 Handspring released the Palm OS Treo smart phone, utilizing a full keyboard that combined wireless web browsing, email, calendar, and contact organizer with mobile third-party applications that could be downloaded or synced with a computer.

    In 2002 RIM released the first Blackberry which was the first smart phone optimized for wireless email use and had achieved a total customer base of 32 million subscribers by December 2009.

In 2007 Nokia launched the Nokia N95 which integrated a wide range of features into a consumer-oriented smart phone: GPS, a 5 mega pixel camera with auto focus and LED flash, 3G and WiFi connectivity and TV-out. In the next few years these features would become standard on high-end smart phones.

The rise of the iPhone and Android

     Later in 2007, Apple Inc. introduced its first iPhone. It was initially expensive, costing $500 for the cheaper of two models on top of a two year contract. It was one of the first smart phones to be mainly controlled through its touch screen, the others being the LG Prada and the HTC Touch (also released in 2007). It was the first mobile phone to use a multi-touch interface. It featured a web browser that was much better than its competitors - Ars Technical described it as "far superior to anything that we had ever used prior." At the time of the launch of the iPhone it was arguable whether it was actually a smart phone as the first generation lacked the ability to officially use third-party applications. A process called jail breaking emerged quickly to provide unofficial third-party applications. The original iPhone lacked 3G support due to the immaturity, power usage, and physical size requirements of 3G chipsets at the time.

     Android, a cross platform OS for smart phones was released in 2008. Android is an Open Source platform backed by Google, along with major hardware and software developers (such as Intel, HTC, ARM, Motorola and Samsung, to name a few), that form the Open Handset Alliance. The first phone to use the Android OS was the HTC Dream, branded for distribution by T-Mobile as the G1. The software suite included on the phone consists of integration with Google's proprietary applications, such as Maps, Calendar, and Gmail, and a full HTML web browser. Third-party apps are available via the Android Market, including both free and paid apps.